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Question 1: How many bones does an adult human normally have?
Options: A) 164 B) 182 C) 206 D) 218
Answer: C) 206
Explanation: The human skeleton is composed of 270 bones at birth. This total
decreases to 206 by adulthood after some bones fuse together. The human skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton (white) and the appendicular skeleton (red). The axial skeleton is
formed of the vertebral column, the rib cage, the skull and other associated bones.
The appendicular skeleton is attached to the axial skeleton
and formed of the shoulder, the pelvis, and the bones of the upper and lower limbs.
Question 2: Complete the blood vessels for this sequence of blood flow: 1) ___ 2) right atrium 3) right ventricle 4) __ 5) lungs 6) __ 7) left atrium 8) left ventricle 9) __
Options:
A) 1) vena cava 4) pulmonary artery 6) pulmonary vein 9) aorta
B) 1) aorta 4) pulmonary vein 6) pulmonary artery 9) vena cava
C) 1) aorta 4) pulmonary artery 6) pulmonary vein 9) vena cava
D) 1) vena cava 4) pulmonary vein 6) pulmonary artery 9) aorta
Answer: A) 1) vena cava 4) pulmonary artery 6) pulmonary vein 9) aorta
Explanation: The circulatory system is made up of blood, blood vessels, and the
heart. The human heart is divided into four chambers. There is one atrium and one ventricle on each side of the heart. The atria receive blood
and the ventricles pump blood.
There are five types of blood vessels: arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins, and venules. Arteries carry blood away from the heart to other body tissues. Veins
transport blood from these tissues back to the heart. With this in mind, we know that it is the vena cava (a vein) that transports blood into the right atrium of the heart. The pulmonary artery
carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Here, gaseous exchange takes place between the alveoli and capillaries, and the oxygenated blood is transported back to the left atrium via the
pulmonary vein. The heart subsequently pumps blood through the aorta (an artery) to other body tissues.
Arterioles are small blood vessels that branch out from an artery and lead to capillaries. Capillaries are small blood vessels where the exchange of water, gases, and chemicals between the blood
and other tissues occurs. Venules are small blood vessels that allow blood to return from the capillary beds into the veins.
Question 3: Which of these are areas of the brain? (3)
Options: A) Amygdala B) Hippocampus C) Mesoderm D) Pineal gland
E) Adrenal gland F) Popliteus
Answers: A) Amygdala B) Hippocampus D) Pineal gland
Explanation: The amygdala is a set of neurones located in the brain’s medial temporal lobe. It plays a key role in processing emotions and forms part of the limbic system. The hippocampus is a brain structure embedded into the temporal lobe. It has a major role in learning and memory and can get damaged by a variety of stimuli. Depression can cause shrinkage of the hippocampus by up to 20%. The hippocampus also shrinks with age. This contributes to memory loss associated with ageing. Shrinkage of the brain can also explain why it is extremely dangerous for elderly people to fall. Due to its decreased size, the brain is more prone to movement inside the skull upon impact with the ground. This movement can cause severe brain injury. The pineal gland is located in the epithalamus and produces melatonin, a hormone that modulates sleep patterns in both circadian and seasonal cycles.
Question 4: What premature ageing genetic disease causes the phenotype displayed above?
Options: A) Huntington’s Disease B) Werner Syndrome C) Bloom Syndrome D) Progeria
Answer: D) Progeria
Explanation: Progeria is a disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding the nuclear envelope protein lamin A. These mutations weaken the structure of the nuclear envelope, causing it to take on an abnormal shape. The support of the nuclear lamina is essential for the organisation of chromatin during mitosis. Thus, weakening of the nuclear lamina limits the ability of the cell to divide. Lamin A also plays a role in DNA repair and in establishing fibroblast cell polarity. Deficiencies in these mechanisms may explain the accelerated ageing seen in progeria patients.
Question 5: How many somatic cells does an adult C. elegans have?
Options: A) 933 B) 959 C) 1002 D) 1187
Answer: B) 959
Explanation: C. elegans as a model organism used primarily for the investigation of neural development in animals. It is one of the simplest organisms with a nervous system. It is small, see-through, and can be easily and quickly reproduced. Over 99% of C. elegans are hermaphordite, meaning they have the ability to self-fertilise. These characteristics make C. elegans an optimal model organism for genetic and developmental studies. For example, C. elegans has been instrumental in the identification of the functions of genes implicated in Alzheimer’s disease, such as the presenilin-1 gene. Presenilin-1 is a core protein of the gamma secretase complex, which plays an important role in the generation fo amyloid-ß. Amyloid-ß is the main amyloid plaque found in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients.
Question 6: The disease emphysema affects which component of the respiratory system?
Options: A) Diaphragm B) Bronchioles C) Alveoli D) Pulmonary vein
Answer: C) Alveoli
Explanation: Alveoli are tiny, elastic, one-cell thick, balloon-shaped structures. Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place between the alveoli and blood vessels called capillaries. Emphysema is a lung condition that causes shortness of breath. In emphysema patients, alveoli loose their elasticity and even rupture. This reduces the surface area of the lungs and, in turn, the amount of oxygen that reaches the bloodstream.
Question 7: The CCR5-Δ32 mutation confers immunity to?
Options: A) Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) B) Cholera C) Yellow Fever D) Meningitis
Answer: A) Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Explanation: CCR5 is a CD4 co-receptor found on the surface of macrophages
(a type of white blood cells). CCR5, along with CD4, interacts with gp120, a glycoprotein located on the surface of the HIV viral particle. This interaction mediates the import of the virus into
the macrophage. Once inside the cell, the viral RNA is reverse transcribed and the viral DNA integrated into the host genome (via the viral protein integrase). The viral DNA is then transcribed
into RNA and translated into long chains of HIV proteins using the host cell machinery. AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is the end-stage disease caused by HIV infection. The
CD4-gp120-CCR5 interaction drives AIDS.
The CCR5-Δ32 mutation originates from the viking population and has persisted. It is heterozygous in ~10% of Europeans (exhibit slower progression of AIDS) and homozygous in ~1% (confer innate
resistance to HIV-1 infection). In early 2019, a Chinese scientist named He Jiankui claimed to have used CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing to create the
first ever genetically modified human babies (his twin daughters). He tried to introduce the specific deletion of the CCR5-Δ32 mutation. There are huge ethical issues with this experiment; he may
induced other mutations in the genome of the baby girls that could have massive effects on their health. CRISPR-Cas9 can lead to many off-target effects and is definitely not sufficiently
developed for human genome editing experiments.
Question 8: Which of these animals has the largest number of different species?
Options: A) Hummingbirds B) Squirrels C) Bear D) Scorpions
Answer: D) Scorpion
Explanation: Two animals are of the same species when they can mate to produce a fertile offspring. A mule is the offspring of a
male donkey and a female horse. A donkey has 62 chromosomes, while a horse has 64. Therefore, mules end up with an odd number of chromosomes (63) and are infertile.
Two organisms of the same species may look very different. For example, all dog breeds belong to the same species (Canis lupus familiaris). Although their relative size impedes this, a
Chihuahua and a Saint Bernard could technically reproduce to give rise to fertile off-springs. Conversely, organisms of different species may look almost identical:
There are over 330 species of hummingbirds, over 200 species of squirrels and approximately 2,000 species of scorpions in the world. Only about 30-40 species of scorpions have poison capable of
killing a human being. There are eight known species of bears, namely the sun bear, the sloth bear, the spectacled bear, the American black bear, the Asian black bear, the brown bear (includes
the grizzly bear), the polar bear, and the giant panda.
Currently, only one species of human inhabits planet earth. This is rather unusual. Homo sapiens (modern humans) emerged close to 300’000 to 200’000 years ago in Africa. Homo
neanderthalensis emerged around the same time in Europe and Western Asia. Neanderthals became extinct around 40,000 years ago. Other extinct
species of humans include Homo erectus (~1.5 million to 500,000 years ago) and Homo habilis (~2.1 to 1.5 million years ago).
Question 9: What is the new organ donation law in England?
Options: A) Opt-out system B) Opt-in system C) Deemed consent system
Answer: A) Opt-out system
Explanation: From spring 2020, all adults in England will be considered for organ donation when they die unless they had recorded a decision not to donate or are in one of the excluded groups. A 'soft' opt-out organ donation bill (Deemed Consent) has been put to practise in Wales. This includes an important safeguard that would ensure that loved ones of a person who has died have the opportunity to make known any unregistered objection to organ donation that the individual may have had.
Question 10: Bile is an important digestive juice that helps digest fats and some vitamins? Where is it produced?
Options: A) Gallbladder B) Liver C) Small intestine D) Pancreas
Answer: B) Liver
Explanation: Bile is a brownish fluid produced by the liver that gets stored and concentrated in the gallbladder. Bile aids in the digestion of lipids and some vitamins in the small intestine.
References
1) ScienceDaily. (2020). Amygdala. [online] Available at: https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/amygdala.htm [Accessed 6 Feb. 2020].
2) En.wikipedia.org. (2020). Bile. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile [Accessed 6 Feb. 2020].
3) En.wikipedia.org. (2020). CCR5. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCR5 [Accessed 12 Feb. 2020].
4) Dhikav, V. and Anand, K. (2012). Hippocampus in health and disease: An overview. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 15(4), p.239.
5) Mayo Clinic. (2020). Emphysema - Symptoms and causes. [online] Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/emphysema/symptoms-causes/syc-20355555 [Accessed 6 Feb. 2020].
6) NHS Organ Donation. (2020). Home. [online] Available at: https://www.organdonation.nhs.uk/ [Accessed 6 Feb. 2020].
7) Ni, J., Wang, D. and Wang, S. (2018). The CCR5-Delta32 genetic polymorphism and HIV-1 infection susceptibility: a meta-analysis. Open Medicine, 13(1), pp.467-474.
8) En.wikipedia.org. (2020). Pineal gland. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineal_gland [Accessed 6 Feb. 2020].
9) Sangita Devi, A. (2017). Children Living with Progeria. Nursing & Care Open Access Journal, 3(4).
10) Scorpionworlds.com. (2020). Scorpion Species - Scorpion Facts and Information. [online] Available at: https://www.scorpionworlds.com/scorpion-species/ [Accessed 6 Feb. 2020].
11) Hummingbirdcentral.com. (2020). Species of Hummingbirds. [online] Available at: https://www.hummingbirdcentral.com/hummingbird-species.htm [Accessed 6 Feb. 2020].
12) Bearwithus.org. (2020). The Eight (8) Bear Species of the World | Bear With Us. [online] Available at: https://bearwithus.org/8-bears-of-the-world/ [Accessed 6 Feb. 2020].
13) Squirrels at the Feeder. (2020). Types of Squirrels: The Ultimate Guide To All 289 Species in The World!. [online] Available at: https://www.squirrelsatthefeeder.com/types-of-squirrels/ [Accessed 12 Feb. 2020].